Which criminological approach emphasizes social groups and institutions as the focus of study?

The sociological school of criminology focuses on the relationship between social groups, institutions, and crime. This perspective examines how societal factors, such as poverty, education, family structure, and community norms, influence criminal behavior. It emphasizes that crime is not merely an individual act but is deeply connected to the social environment in which individuals are immersed.

By studying the dynamics of social groups and the impact of institutions, the sociological school seeks to understand how these factors contribute to the incidence of crime and deviance. This approach often involves analyzing larger societal trends and patterns rather than focusing solely on the psychological or behavioral characteristics of individuals. Such examination can reveal systemic issues that lead to higher crime rates in certain communities, paving the way for informed interventions and policy changes.

In contrast, other approaches—like the psychological school—focus mainly on individual mental states and traits, while behavioral conditioning emphasizes learned behaviors rather than broader social contexts. The Chicago School is often considered a branch of the sociological school but is known for its specific focus on urban environments and their associated social changes. Thus, the sociological school represents a more encompassing view that prioritizes the influence of social contexts on crime.