Which of the following is an example of a procedural defense?

A procedural defense refers to a legal strategy asserting that the defendant should be absolved of charges due to improper procedures or violations of constitutional rights during the legal process. Double jeopardy is an excellent example of a procedural defense because it protects an individual from being tried for the same crime after a valid acquittal or conviction. This principle is rooted in the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, and invoking it can lead to the dismissal of charges if a defendant has already faced judgment for the same offense.

In contrast, direct evidence, witness testimony, and circumstantial evidence are related to the factual elements of a case rather than procedural issues. They pertain to the information used to establish the guilt or innocence of a defendant, rather than arguing that the legal process was flawed. Thus, double jeopardy stands out as a clear illustration of a procedural defense within the choices provided.